An organised list Essay Example for Free

An organised list Essay This experiment was carried out by three psychology students to investigate the role of organisation in memory and whether organisation of material helps memory recall.  An opportunity sample of friends and relatives were asked to take part in the study. The sample comprised 34 participants aged between 16 and 60. There were two conditions and the participants were split equally between them. In Condition 1, participants studied a prepared organised list of words and in Condition 2 they studied a random list. Their memory was then tested by free recall. An independent design was used and the results analysed using the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that organisation does play an important role in memory. Participants who studied the organised list of words recalled significantly more words then those who studied the random list. This supports the findings of other studies into the role of organisation in memory.  BACKGROUND  Memory is an essential part of the human make-up and without it society as we know it would not exist. Whilst there are still questions about how memories are created, stored and retrieved, it seems clear from studies that have been carried out that the more organised information is, the easier the recall is.  Bousfield (1953) showed that even when words were presented in a random order, many participants use some form of categorisation in order to aid their recall. Bousfield took lists of words from several different categories, such as animals or cities, and randomised them. Participants were asked to memorise the list of words and then later were asked to recall as many words as possible. Many of the participants used self imposed categories in order aid their recall of the word list. Other studies have looked at whether pre-organised information is easier to recall. Tulving has conducted much research into cued recall. Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) studied the effects of cued recall. Participants were read list of words which were all under a category name. They were asked to memorise the words but not the category headings and were then split into two groups. When the first group were asked to recall as many words as possible, they were given the category headings to aid them (cued recall). The second group were asked to free recall. The group which were given the category headings recalled more words; suggesting that organisation into categories aids memory retrieval. Bower (1969) also studied the effects of organisation on memory. Again participants were split into two groups. Each group was shown a total of 112 words separated onto four cards. One group had cards on which the words were presented in logical branching diagrams, and the second group had cards on which the words were presented randomly on the branches. The process of studying the cards and recalling as many words as they could was repeated four times. The group whose cards had been presented in a logical manner recalled all 112 words in the final two recalls; the other group averaged just 70 words on the final recall. The study again suggests that material presented in logical categories is more easily stored and recalled from memory. Other investigations have been undertaken into whether memory is improved by participants organising material into categories themselves. Wittrock and Carter (1975) used lists similar to those used by Bower but the ordering of the words was in a random format. Half of the participants were asked to simply copy out the list of words, whilst the other half were asked to order them logically before writing them down. Recall was greater in those who had been asked to organise the lists of words themselves. They also carried out the same experiment but with organised lists of words. Again recall was greater in the groups that had been asked to impose their own organisation on the lists suggesting that recall will be greater when the learner has some input into the organisation of the material. Mandler (1967) also used self categorisation within his study. Participants were given words printed on cards and asked to organise them into categories (at least 2 but no more than 7). These participants recalled more words than those who had been given words as a random list. Mandler also found that the more categories participants had used, the greater the number of words recalled. This suggests that the greater the organisation of material, the better the memory storage and retrieval. It also appears that in order to aid recall, actively organising information is at least as important as the intention to learn. The most efficient learners were those that actively sought to categorise the material to be learned, however, most people only did this when they were asked to do so.  All of the above studies arrive at the same conclusion; that the better the organisation of information, the better the recall of that information, particularly when that information has been organised by the learner.

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Luke Born Professor John Mazza Technology and Society 30 January 2014 1.TOOTHPASTE Toothpaste was invented sometime near 5000 B.C. By the Egyptians. Back then it was a powder like substance It was later redeveloped by the Greek and Romans. Later the Persians improved on the formulas that the Greek and Romans had created. In the 18th century British doctors,dentists,and chemists introduced a tooth powder called dentifrice. I personally think that this is a good and important invention because without this there would be many problems. Starting with many tooth related problems such as cavities and tooth decay. Lets take a moment to see how far toothpaste has came. It started such a long time ago back when it was made from brick dust and crushed china to where now there is so many different types of toothpaste, for example: Tooth whitening , flavored, medicated, fluoride, and childrens. 2. CRAYONS In 1644 Crayons were invented by the europeans. They were orgianally created with charcol and oil. Today crayons are created wit ha mixture of wax and colored dyes. Crayola, proboly the biggest manufacturee of crayons orgianally created their crayons in 1902 but did not realese them to the public until 1903. Today you can go into almost any classroom and find a pack of crayola crayons. Throughout th e years there has been many different types of crayons. They have made washablle crayons,neon creayons, and even multi-colored crayons. 3..TELEPHONE The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell.†Mr. Bell invented the telephone by accident when he was trying to invent a device that could send more than one telegram at the same time.†2 Before this people would have to send telegraphs, wich where meseges that where sent in... ...le,26 Sep. 2012. 30 Jan. 2014.4 Connelly, Thomas.†History of toothpaste.† Toohpaste. 2 Sep. 2010. 30 Jan. 2014 5 â€Å"The History of Crayons.† CrayonCollecting. 30 Jan. 2014. 6 Crayola. "Who Invented the Crayon?" Crayola.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. 7 "The Wright Brothers - First Flight, 1903", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2003). 30 Jan. 2014.8 "BAND-AID ® Brand Heritage." Brand Heritage. N.p., 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.9 "Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile | Peter Carl Goldmark." Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile | Peter Carl Goldmark. N.p., 2007. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.10 "The Story of Color Television." The Story of Color Television. PrincetonInfo.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. 11 "The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb." Introduction. Atomic Archive, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. 12

Black House Chapter Twelve

12 A FEW MINUTES LATER, the pickup lurches to a halt between the last of the trees, where the macadam disappears into the weeds and tall grass. The Thunder Five's motorcycles stand tilted in a neat row a few yards ahead and off to his left. Wendell, who has replaced Freddy Saknessum on the seat, gets out and moves a few paces forward, hoping that none of the ripe aroma of dried sweat, unwashed flesh, and stale beer emerging from his fellow passengers has clung to his clothing. Behind him, he hears Freddy jumping down from the back of the truck as the others climb out and shut the doors without making any more than twice as much noise as necessary. All Wendell can see from his position is the colorless, rotting rear wall of Ed's Eats rising from a thick tangle of Queen Anne's lace and tiger lilies. Low voices, one of them Beezer St. Pierre's, come to him. Wendell gives the Nikon a quick once-over, removes the lens cap, and cranks a new roll of film into place before moving with slow, qui et steps past the bikes and along the side of the ruined structure. Soon he is able to see the overgrown access road and the patrol car astride it like a barrier. Down close to the highway, Danny Tcheda and Pam Stevens wrangle with half a dozen men and women who have left their cars strewn like toys behind them. That's not going to work much longer: if Tcheda and Stevens are supposed to be a dam, the dam is about to spring some serious leaks. Good news for Wendell: a maximum amount of confusion would give him a lot more leeway and make for a more colorful story. He wishes he could murmur into his recorder right now. The inexperience of Chief Gilbertson's force was evident in the futile efforts of Officers Tcheda and Stevens to turn back the numbers of those citizens eager to witness for themselves the latest evidence of the Fisherman's insanity . . . Ah, something, something, then: but this journalist was able to place himself at the heart of the scene, where he felt proud and humbled to serve as the eyes and ears of his readers . . . Wendell hates to lose such splendid stuff, but he cannot be sure he will remember it, and he does not dare to take the risk of being overheard. He moves closer to the front of Ed's Eats. The humble ears of the public take in the sound of Beezer St. Pierre and Dale Gilbertson having a surprisingly amiable conversation directly in front of the building; the humble eyes of the public observe Jack Sawyer walking into view, an empty plastic bag and a baseball cap swinging from the fingers of his right hand. The humble nose of the public reports a truly awful stench that guarantees the presence of a decomposing body in the shabby little structure to the right. Jack is moving a little more quickly than usual, and although it is clear that he is just going to his pickup, he keeps glancing from side to side. What's going on here? Golden Boy looks more than a little furtive. He's acting like a shoplifter just stuffing the goodies under his coat, and golden boys shouldn't behave that way. Wendell raises his camera and focuses in on his target. There you are, Jack old boy, old fellow, old sport, crisp as a new bill and twice as sharp. Look pretty for the camera, now, and let us see what you've got in your hand, okay? Wendell snaps a picture and watches through his viewfinder as Jack approaches his truck. Golden Boy is going to stash those things in the glove compartment, Wendell thinks, and he doesn't want anyone to see him do it. Too bad, kid, you're on Candid Camera. And too bad for the proud yet humble eyes and ears of French County, because when Jack Sawyer reaches his truck he does not climb in but leans over the side and fiddles around with something, giving our noble journalist a fine view of his back and nothing else. The noble journalist takes a picture anyhow, to establish a seque nce with the next photo, in which Jack Sawyer turns away from his truck empty-handed and no longer furtive. He stashed his grubby treasures back there and got them out of sight, but what made them treasures? Then a lightning bolt strikes Wendell Green. His scalp shivers, and his crinkly hair threatens to straighten out. A great story just became unbelievably great. Fiendish Murderer, Mutilated Dead Child, and . . . the Downfall of a Hero! Jack Sawyer walks out of the ruin carrying a plastic bag and a Brewers cap, tries to make sure he is unobserved, and hides the stuff in his truck. He found those things in Ed's Eats, and he squirreled them away right under the nose of his friend and admirer Dale Gilbertson. Golden Boy removed evidence from the scene of a crime! And Wendell has the proof on film, Wendell has the goods on the high-and-mighty Jack Sawyer, Wendell is going to bring him down with one god-almighty huge crash. Man oh man, Wendell feels like dancing, he does, and is unable to restrain himself from executing a clumsy jig with the wonderful camera in his hands and a sloppy grin on his face. He feels so good, so triumphant, that he almost decides to forget about the four idiots waiting for his signal and just pack it in. But hey, let's not get all warm and fuzzy here. The supermarket tabloids are panting for a nice, gruesome photograph of Irma Freneau's dead body, and Wendell Green is the man to give it to them. Wendell takes another cautious step toward the front of the ruined building and sees something that stops him cold. Four of the bikers have gone down to the end of the overgrown lane, where they seem to be helping Tcheda and Stevens turn away the people who want to get a good look at all the bodies. Teddy Runkleman heard that the Fisherman stowed at least six, maybe eight half-eaten kids in that shack: the news grew more and more sensational as it filtered through the community. So the cops can use the extra help, but Wendell wishes that Beezer and crew were blowing the lid off things instead of helping to keep it on. He comes to the end of the building and peers around it to see everything that is going on. If he is to get what he wants, he will have to wait for the perfect moment. A second FLPD car noses in through the vehicles hovering out on 35 and moves up past Tcheda's car to swing onto the weeds and rubble in front of the old store. Two youngish part-time cops named Holtz and Nestler get out and stroll toward Dale Gilbertson, trying hard not to react to the stench that gets more sickening with each step they take. Wendell can see that these lads have even more difficulty concealing their dismay and astonishment at seeing their chief engaged in apparently amiable conversation with Beezer St. Pierre, whom they probably suspect of myriad nameless crimes. They are farm boys, UW?CRiver Falls dropouts, who split a single salary and are trying so hard to make the grade as police officers that they tend to see things in rigid black-and-white. Dale calms them down, and Beezer, who could pick each of them up with one hand and smash their skulls like soft-boiled eggs, smiles benignly. In response to what must have been Dale's orders, the new boys trot back down to t he highway, on the way casting worshipful glances at Jack Sawyer, the poor saps. Jack wanders up to Dale for a little confab. Too bad Dale doesn't know that his buddy is concealing evidence, hah! Or, Wendell considers, does he know is he in on it, too? One thing's for sure: it will all come out in the wash, once the Herald runs the telltale pictures. In the meantime, the dude in the straw hat and the sunglasses just stands there with his arms folded across his chest, looking serene and confident, like he has everything so under control that even the smell can't reach him. This guy is obviously a key player, Wendell thinks. He calls the shots. Golden Boy and Dale want to keep him happy; you can see it in their body language. A touch of respect, of deference. If they are covering something up, they're doing it for him. But why? And what the devil is he? The guy is middle-aged, somewhere in his fifties, a generation older than Jack and Dale; he is too stylish to live in the country, so he's from Madison, maybe, or Milwaukee. He is obviously not a cop, and he doesn't look like a businessman, either. This is one self-reliant mother; that comes through loud and clear. Then another police car breaches the defenses down on 35 and rolls up beside the part-timers'. Golden Boy and Gilbertson walk up to it and greet Bobby Dulac and that other one, the fat boy, Dit Jesperson, but the dude in the hat doesn't even look their way. Now, that's cool. He stands there, all by himself, like a general surveying his troops. Wendell watches the mystery man produce a cigarette, light up, and exhale a plume of white smoke. Jack and Dale walk the new arrivals into the old store, and this bird keeps on smoking his cigarette, sublimely detached from everything around him. Through the rotting wall, Wendell can hear Dulac and Jesperson complaining about the smell; then one of them grunts Uh! when he sees the body. â€Å"Hello boys?† Dulac says. â€Å"Is this shit for real? Hello boys?† The voices give Wendell a good fix on the location of the corpse, way back against the far wall. Before the three cops and Sawyer begin to shuffle toward the front end of the store, Wendell leans out, aims his camera, and snaps a photograph of the mystery man. To his horror, the Cat in the Hat instantly looks in his direction and says, â€Å"Who took my picture?† Wendell jerks himself back into the protection of the wall, but he knows the guy must have seen him. Those sunglasses were pointed right at him! The guy has ears like a bat he picked up the noise of the shutter. â€Å"Come on out,† Wendell hears him say. â€Å"There's no point in hiding; I know you're there.† From his reduced vantage point, Wendell can just see a State Police car, followed by French Landing's DARE Pontiac, barreling up from the congestion at the end of the lane. Things seem to have reached the boiling point down there. Unless Wendell is wrong, he thinks he glimpses one of the bikers pulling a man out through the window of a nice-looking green Olds. Time to call in the cavalry, for sure. Wendell steps back from the front of the building and waves to the troops. Teddy Runkleman yells, â€Å"Hoo boy!† Doodles screeches like a cat in heat, and Wendell's four assistants charge past him, making all the noise he could wish for.

Essay on Jonah A False Prophet or a Prophet with a False...

Jonah: A False Prophet or a Prophet with a False God? The Jonah narrative is a story often told to children to emphasize that it is wrong to run from God and there is no way to escape from God. However as adults we see that there is more to the story. There are many ways to interpret the Jonah narrative and the character of Jonah. Readers may even read the story with an anti-Semitic view if they judge solely from their first impressions of Jonah. We see a man who flees, a man who is angry with God, and a man who pouts under a bush and wishes to die. From all this we may conclude that Jonah is selfish. If we read beyond the surface impression and pay careful attention to the narrative and Jonahs words and not just deeds, we see a more†¦show more content†¦The story is used to show that God does care about other nations of the world and that the Israelites are too selfish to share their God. This point does not have much valid support. Why would the Jews choose to hold on to a story and place it in the Bible when it makes them lo ok bad? Why would they keep it if it portrayed them as having such hatred and ultra nationalistic views? The true character of Jonah does not support such extreme nationalism as a cause for his anger. If in fact he wanted Nineveh to be destroyed, Jonah would never have gone to Nineveh at all. The act of traveling to the great city of Nineveh, walking through it for days, and preaching to the people shows Jonahs loyalty to God and his compassion for others. Throughout the narrative and during all the trials that he faces, Jonahs faith remains strong. While he is fleeing from God on the boat from Joppa to Tarshish, a storm rises up upon the sea. The sailors are scared for their lives, yet Jonah has no fear. He is so calm and relaxed that he is found sleeping by the captain of the boat. Jonah knows that he is the reason for the storm and the lots the sailors cast prove the blame is on him. Jonah proves the expanse of his faith by asking the sailors to Pick [him] up and throw [him] into the sea (Jonah 1:12). He is willing to risk his own life to save the other innocentShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Build An Ark 1203 Words   |  5 Pagespromised Noah that he and his family would not be destroyed with the evil people. â€Å"Build an Ark† God told Noah. â€Å"When he finished you and your sons and your wife and your son’s wives will go into the Ark,† God added. â€Å"You will live there until the flood is over.† God told him to bring one male and female of every kind of animal into the Ark and enough food for all the people and the animals. It is believed that Noah had Granddaughters. But if so then why did they not go into the Ark. From what IRead MoreIdolatry and Social Injustice and Religious Ritualism, Oh My875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lord called prophets to speak for Him to the people regarding their sinful behavior. 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For some reason Jonah, though a prophet of God who seemingly was willing to follow the Lord’s commands, did not adopt the â€Å"grace† attribute of God’s character. Jonah was judgmental, as human beings often are, and he could not see pastRead MoreThe Ten Avenues Of Revelation1218 Words   |  5 PagesVisions, Theophanies, Angels, Prophets, Events, Jesus Christ and The Bible.†1 The Lot is used as a form of communication from God to man. Lots were stones which were used that were casted to make decisions and one sees this where God makes the final outcome of these lots which are casted. The Urim and Thummim were gemstones that were carried on the high priest s breastplate and used as lots to make decisions on situations through Go ds will. Dreams were used by God and still are as a means of specialRead MoreCanonization of Scripture (How the Bible Was Compiled?)1577 Words   |  7 Pageswritings are written by human men â€Å"under the inspiration of God† just bothers me to no end. 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Habakkuk prays a prayer of the truths that have been spoken by God (3:1-19) 1. Doubting in the midst of ignorance about God and concern for others. (1:1-4) 1.1 Introduction to book. (1:1) 1.2 Asking God questions (1:2-3) 1.3 Habakkuk speaks of how